Introduction

Introduction

  1. “The requested document does not exist. – EUR-Lex”. Archived from the original on 2009-09-05. Retrieved 2009-03-19.
  2. ^ Cuba (09/01) US Department of State report
  3. ^ Cuba Takes Over Chair of ACS Transport Committee Caribbean Investor
  4. ^ How Cuba Fits into Brazil’s Plans Archived 2009-12-02 at the Wayback Machine Brazzilmag
  5. ^ Cuba Asks to Join Mercosur Archived 2008-02-28 at the Wayback Machine The Trumpet
  6. ^ “History of Cuba”. Emayzine.com. Archived from the original on 2012-04-15. Retrieved 2012-03-23.
  7. ^ Castro, Fidel (August 1968). “Castro comments on Czechoslovakia crisis”. FBIS. Archived from the original on 2011-05-15.
  8. ^ The Havana Obsession: Why All Eyes are on a Bankrupt Island by Moisés Naím, Newsweek, June 22, 2009
  9. ^ Jump up to:a b c Pamela S. Falk, “Cuba in Africa.” Foreign Affairs 65.5 (1987): 1077-1096. online
  10. ^ Quirk, Robert (August 1995). Fidel Castro. W. W. Norton & Company.
  11. ^ Wolf Grabendorff, “Cuba’s involvement in Africa: An interpretation of objectives, reactions, and limitations.” Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs 22.1 (1980): 3-29, quoting p. 5. online
  12. ^ Louis A. Pérez, Cuba: Between Reform and Revolution (5th ed. 2015) pp 300-301.
  13. ^ Wikiquote:Nelson Mandela
  14. ^ Jump up to:a b O’Grady, Mary Anastasia (2005-10-30). “Counting Castro’s Victims”. The Wall Street Journal, Center for a Free Cuba. Archived from the original on 2006-04-18. Retrieved 2006-05-11.
  15. ^ Return to Havana by Maurice Halperin
  16. ^ “Recipient Grants: Center for a Free Cuba”. 2006-08-25. Archived from the original on 2007-08-28. Retrieved 2006-08-25.
  17. ^ Quirk, Fidel Castro, pp 718-21, 782-83
  18. ^ Pérez, Cuba: Between Reform and Revolution (5th ed. 2015) p 301.
  19. ^ H. V. Hodson, ed. The annual register : a record of world events 1979 (1980) pp 372-75.
  20. ^ Pérez, Cuba: Between Reform and Revolution (5th ed. 2015) pp 300-301.
  21. ^ Pol De Vos, et al. “Cuba’s international cooperation in health: an overview.” International Journal of Health Services 37.4 (2007): 761-776. online
  22. ^ “Castro Laments ‘Very Sad Things’ in Bloc”. Washington Post. 1989-11-09. Archived from the original on 2013-08-21. Retrieved 2006-05-22.

References

Cuba‘s national accreditation body ONARC (Órgano Nacional de Acreditación de la República de Cuba) accredits conformity assessment bodies to international standards like ISO/IEC 17025 and 17020, while Oficina Nacional de Normalización (NC/ONN) handles standardization, certification, metrology, and state quality inspection under the Ministry of Science, Technology and Environment (CITMA).​

Official Resources

ONARC contact: Calle E No. 261, Vedado, La Habana; Tel: +537 830 0832; Email: [email protected] (historical site: www.onarc.cubaindustria.cu). ONN/NC: Calle E No. 261 e/11 y 13, Vedado, La Habana 10400; Tel: +53 7 830 0022; Email: [email protected]; Standards portal: www.ncnorma.cu.​

International Status

ONARC was international body MRA signatory for testing/calibration labs (ISO 17025) and inspection (ISO 17020), but full international body membership terminated 15 June 2024; verify current recognition for reports. ONN represents Cuba in ISO as member body and coordinates national quality infrastructure.

International Observer Members

Cuba is a member state of many international bodies (like the UN and WTO) and sometimes holds observer status in specific organizations (like ICH), but there isn’t a single list for “International Observer Member countries of Cuba”; rather, Cuba is a country that participates in various organizations, often as a full member, but also having observer roles in others like the ICH (International Council for Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Pharmaceuticals for Human Use) website, where its regulatory body, CECMED, is an observer. 
Here’s a breakdown of Cuba’s involvement in different organizations:
  • United Nations (UN): A founding member state.
  • World Trade Organization (WTO): A member since 1995.
  • International Council for Harmonisation (ICH): Cuba’s medical regulatory agency (CECMED) is a Standing Observer.
  • International Solar Alliance (ISA): Cuba was among countries sponsoring the request for ISA to gain observer status in the UN General Assembly. 

International Association Members

Cuba is a member of numerous international organizations, including the United Nations (UN), the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM), the Community of Latin American and Caribbean States (CELAC), and the Bolivarian Alliance for the Americas (ALBA), among many others like the WTO, IOM, and various UN agencies, playing a role in global bodies related to trade, migration, and development. 
Here’s a breakdown by type of organization:
Major Global Bodies:
  • United Nations (UN): A founding member.
  • World Trade Organization (WTO): Member since 1995.
  • International Organization for Migration (IOM). 
Regional & Political Groupings:
Specialized Agencies & Bodies (Examples):
  • International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO).
  • International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD).
  • UN Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO).
  • UN World Tourism Organization (UNWTO).
  • World Federation of Trade Unions (WFTU). 

International Regional Members

Cuba is a member of several international and regional bodies like the UN, G77, NAM, ALBA, and ACS, but it doesn’t have “member countries” within itself; rather, it belongs with other nations in groups like the Community of Latin American and Caribbean States, Latin American Integration Association, and the Association of Caribbean States, collaborating with countries in the Caribbean, Latin America, and the broader Global South. 
Key Regional Affiliations & Collaborating Countries (Examples):
  • Bolivarian Alternative for the Americas (ALBA): Venezuela, Bolivia, Ecuador (historically), Nicaragua, Dominica, St. Vincent & the Grenadines, Antigua & Barbuda, St. Lucia, Grenada.
  • Community of Latin American and Caribbean States (CELAC): Nearly all countries in Latin America & the Caribbean (e.g., Mexico, Brazil, Argentina, Colombia, Jamaica, Trinidad & Tobago).
  • Association of Caribbean States (ACS): Caribbean nations (e.g., Jamaica, Haiti, Bahamas, Dominican Republic, Trinidad & Tobago, Barbados).
  • Non-Aligned Movement (NAM): Countries from Africa, Asia, Latin America, and the Caribbean (e.g., India, South Africa, Indonesia, Egypt, Nigeria). 

Accreditation Body ISO 17011

Cuba‘s ONARC (Órgano Nacional de Acreditación de la República de Cuba) operates in compliance with ISO/IEC 17011 requirements for accreditation bodies, as verified through IAAC peer evaluations supporting regional MLA equivalence for ISO/IEC 17025 and 17020 scopes.

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ISO 17011 Compliance

ONARC underwent peer evaluations against ISO/IEC 17011:2004 (historical international body MRA signatory basis) and aligns with ISO/IEC 17011:2017 via IAAC processes, ensuring impartiality, competence, and systematic operations despite international body termination. IAAC full membership confirms adherence through document review, on-site assessments, and witnessing.​

Verification Process

IAAC peer evaluations validate ONARC’s ISO/IEC 17011 conformance, with last updates reflecting regional MLA maintenance; no recent full re-evaluations post-international body noted. Contact ONARC ([email protected]) or check IAAC directory for current status.

Inspection Body ISO 17020

Cuba‘s ONARC (Órgano Nacional de Acreditación de la República de Cuba) accredits inspection bodies (organismos de inspección) to NC-ISO/IEC 17020:2012 (Type A, B, C), ensuring competence, impartiality, and consistency for inspections in public/private sectors.​

Accreditation Scopes

ONARC’s ISO/IEC 17020 program achieved IAAC MLA recognition (extended 29 Mar 2017; historical international body MRA until 2024), covering product, process, installation, and service inspections with regional acceptance. Accredited results support national competitiveness, trade, and regulatory compliance despite international body termination.​

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Certification Body ISO 17021

Cuba‘s Oficina Nacional de Normalización (NC/ONN) acts as the national certification body for management systems under NC-ISO/IEC 17021, while ONARC accredits certification bodies (organismos de certificación) to this standard for QMS (ISO 9001), EMS (ISO 14001), and related schemes.​

Accreditation Scopes

ONARC accredits CBs for audit and certification of management systems, ensuring impartiality and competence aligned with IAAC processes, supporting national quality infrastructure despite international body status change. ONN directly certifies and supervises state quality inspections, coordinating with ONARC for accredited conformity assessment.​

Contact ONARC ([email protected]) or ONN ([email protected]) for active CB listings; no public online directory confirmed.​

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Product Certification Body ISO 17065

Cuba‘s ONARC (Órgano Nacional de Acreditación de la República de Cuba) accredits product certification bodies (organismos de certificación de productos) to NC-ISO/IEC 17065:2012, ensuring impartiality and competence for certifying products, processes, and services reaching consumers.​

Accreditation Scopes

ONARC’s ISO/IEC 17065 program supports national schemes via IAAC MLA equivalence, covering product conformity to Cuban standards (NC) and facilitating trade despite ILAC termination. ONN/NC acts as national certification authority, coordinating with ONARC for accredited product certifiers in public/private sectors.​

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Accredidation Laboratory ISO 17065 / ISO 15185

Cuba‘s ONARC (Órgano Nacional de Acreditación de la República de Cuba) accredits testing/calibration laboratories to NC-ISO/IEC 17025:2017 (historical international body MRA scope until 2024), while ISO 17065 applies to product certification bodies, not labs.​

Accreditation Laboratory ISO 17025/15189 – Cuba

ONARC accredits laboratorios de ensayo y calibración for chemical, mechanical, environmental, and metrology scopes under ISO/IEC 17025 with IAAC MLA equivalence, supporting national trade and quality infrastructure. No confirmed ISO 15189 medical laboratory accreditation program; clinical labs follow NC-ISO 17025 where applicable.​

Contact ONARC ([email protected]) or check IAAC documents for scopes/listings (https://iaac.org.mx/members/full-members/organo-nacional-de-acreditacion-de-la-republica-de-cuba-onarc/).

Rating Agencies ISO 14064 / ISO 17021

Cuba‘s ONARC does not accredit rating agencies or GHG verification bodies under ISO 14064 or ISO 17021; no dedicated GHG program (ISO 14065/17029) confirmed in available scopes.​

GHG Verification Status

ONN/NC coordinates national environmental standards but lacks specific ISO 14064 verification accreditation; GHG assertions follow general management system certification via ONN or state inspection without international MLA recognition. No accredited bodies listed for ISO 14064-3 validation/verification or ISO 14065 GHG programs post-international body termination.​

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GHG Verification / Validator

Cuba‘s ONARC (Órgano Nacional de Acreditación de la República de Cuba) accredits GHG verification and validation bodies (entidades auditoras externas de GEI) under national requirements, as per GOC-2025-O77 regulation mandating ONARC accreditation for external GHG auditors verifying emission reductions/removals.​

GHG Verification/Validator – Cuba

Cuba’s Tarea Vida program requires GHG verifiers for inventories (ISO 14064-1), projects (ISO 14064-2), and assertions (ISO 14064-3) to hold ONARC accreditation, supporting national climate commitments via CITMA/MINAMB without confirmed ISO 14065/17029 international scopes. These ensure impartial third-party validation aligned with INGEI (National GHG Inventory).​

Contact ONARC ([email protected]) or CITMA for active listings; no public directory confirmed post-international body.

Previledge Membership

Cuba‘s ONARC (Órgano Nacional de Acreditación de la República de Cuba) does not offer a “Privilege Membership” program for accredited bodies.​

Accreditation Benefits

Accredited entities gain regional recognition through ONARC’s IAAC Full Member status, facilitating acceptance of test reports, inspections, and certifications across Latin America despite ILAC termination. Benefits include enhanced national competitiveness, regulatory compliance, and access to Tarea Vida GHG verification schemes.​

Status Maintenance

Accreditation validity depends on annual surveillance and periodic re-assessments per ISO/IEC 17011/17025 requirements, with no formal privileged tiers documented. Contact ONARC ([email protected]) for application details.​

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