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Kazakhstan

Introduction

Kazakhstan, officially known as the Republic of Kazakhstan, is the largest landlocked country in the world and the ninth-largest country overall by land area. It is located primarily in Central Asia, with a small portion extending into Eastern Europe. The country shares borders with Russia, China, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, and Turkmenistan, and has a coastline along the Caspian Sea.

The capital city is Astana, while Almaty is the largest city and a major cultural and economic center. Kazakhstan gained independence in 1991 following the dissolution of the Soviet Union.

The country has abundant natural resources, including oil, natural gas, uranium, coal, and metals, making it one of the strongest economies in Central Asia. Kazakhstan plays an important role in regional and international organizations and is a member of bodies such as the United Nations (UN), World Trade Organization (WTO), Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE), and the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU).

Kazakhstan is also active in international standardization and accreditation systems through its national bodies responsible for technical regulation, metrology, and accreditation. The country continues to modernize its economy, strengthen international cooperation, and develop sustainable industries aligned with global standards.

References

  1. Gibbons, Ann (10 June 2015). “Nomadic herders left a strong genetic mark on Europeans and Asians”. Science. AAAS. Archived from the original on 2 September 2022. Retrieved 5 November 2022.
  2. ^ According to Allentoft et al. (2015) and Haak et al. (2015),
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  4. ^ Beckwith 2009, p. 68 “Modern scholars have mostly used the name Saka to refer to Iranians of the Eastern Steppe and Tarim Basin”
  5. ^ Dandamayev, M. A. (1994). “Media and Achaemenid Iran”. In Harmatta, János (ed.). History of Civilizations of Central Asia: The Development of Sedentary and Nomadic Civilizations, 700 B. C. to A. D. 250. UNESCO. p. 37. ISBN 92-3-102846-4. “In modern scholarship the name ‘Sakas’ is reserved for the ancient tribes of northern and eastern Central Asia and Eastern Turkestan to distinguish them from the related Massagetae of the Aral region and the Scythians of the Pontic steppes. These tribes spoke Iranian languages, and their chief occupation was nomadic pastoralism.”
  6. ^ Narasimhan, Vagheesh M. (2019). “The formation of human populations in South and Central Asia”. Science. 365 (6457) eaat7487. Bibcode:2019Sci…365t7487N. bioRxiv 10.1101/292581. doi:10.1126/science.aat7487. PMC 6822619. PMID 31488661. #Accreditation in India , #Accreditation in Mumbai
  7. ^ Damgaard, Peter de Barros; Marchi, Nina; Rasmussen, Simon; Peyrot, Michaël; Renaud, Gabriel; Korneliussen, Thorfinn; Moreno-Mayar, J. Víctor; Pedersen, Mikkel Winther; Goldberg, Amy; Usmanova, Emma; Baimukhanov, Nurbol (May 2018). “137 ancient human genomes from across the Eurasian steppes”. Nature. 557 (7705): 369–374. Bibcode:2018Natur.557..369D. doi:10.1038/s41586-018-0094-2. hdl:1887/3202709. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 29743675. S2CID 13670282. Archived from the original on 21 February 2020. Retrieved 10 August 2022. The wide distribution of the Turkic languages from Northwest China, Mongolia and Siberia in the east to Turkey and Bulgaria in the west implies large-scale migrations out of the homeland in Mongolia. The quotation is from pp. 4–5.
  8. ^ Jump up to:a b Lee, Joo-Yup (April 2019). “The Kazakh Khanate”. In Ludden, David (ed.). The Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Asian History. New York: Oxford University Press. Retrieved 31 July 2025.
  9. ^ Jump up to:a b c d e f g History of Kazakhstan | Britannica
  10. ^ Kenzheakhmet, Nurlan (2013). The Qazaq Khanate as Documented in Ming Dynasty Sources. p. 142.
  11. ^ Lee, Joo-Yup. Qazaqlïq, or Ambitious Brigandage, and the Formation of the Qazaqs. Brill. p. iv. ISBN 978-90-04-30649-3.
  12. ^ Abusseitova, M. Kh. (1985). The Kazakh Khanate in the Second Half of the 16th Century (in Russian). Alma-Ata: Academy of Sciences of the Kazakh SSR, Institute of History, Archaeology, and Ethnography named after Ch. Ch. Valikhanov. pp. 52–53.
  13. ^ Jump up to:a b c “Kazakh Khanate”. bigenc.ru. 15 November 2023.
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  15. ^ “Country Briefings: Kazakhstan”. The Economist. Archived from the original on 8 December 2015. Retrieved 1 June 2010.
  16. ^ “Russian Colonization and the Genesis of Kazak National Consciousness“. S. Sabol (2003). Springer. p.27 ISBN 0230599427
  17. ^ “Central Asia, 130 Years of Russian Dominance: A Historical Overview“. Edward A. Allworth, Edward Allworth (1994). Duke University Press. p. 10. ISBN 0822315211
  18. ^ Bodger, Alan (1988). The Kazakhs and the Pugachev Uprising in Russia, 1773-1775. Research Institute for Inner Asian Studies, Indiana University. p. 22. ISBN 978-99993-2-812-8.
  19. ^ “Kazakhstan”. Encyclopædia Britannica. 16 December 1991. Archived from the original on 17 June 2015. Retrieved 9 September 2013.
  20. ^ “Kazakhstan”. Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia. 2005y. Archived from the original on 15 April 2005. Retrieved 29 October 2009.
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  22. ^ Pianciola, Niccolò (2004). “Famine in the Steppe. The collectivization of agriculture and the Kazak herdsmen, 1928–1934”. Cahiers du monde russe. 45: 137–192. Archived from the original on 23 October 2015.
  23. ^ Children of the gulag live with amnesiaArchived 3 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine, Taipei Times, 1 January 2007
  24. ^ Flynn, Moya (1994). Migrant Resettlement in the Russian Federation: Reconstructing ‘Homes’ and ‘Homelands’ Anthem Press. p. 15. ISBN 1-84331-117-8
  25. ^ Keenan, Jillian. “Kazakhstan’s Painful Nuclear Past Looms Large Over Its Energy Future”. The Atlantic. Archived from the original on 2 February 2017. Retrieved 27 January 2017.
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  28. ^ “Capital change: A look at some countries that have moved their capitals – Nigeria: Lagos to Abuja”. The Economic Times. Archived from the original on 20 April 2021. Retrieved 5 January 2021.
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  30. ^ Nazarbayev, Nursultan (28 March 2011). OP Ed: “Kazakhstan’s steady progress toward democracy” Archived 10 December 2015 at the Wayback Machine, Washington Post
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  34. ^ “Kazakhstan renames capital as new president takes office”. France 24. 20 March 2019. Archived from the original on 16 February 2022. Retrieved 16 February 2022.

list of International Regional Members Name of Kazakhstan

Kazakhstan holds membership in several key international regional organizations focusing on security, economic cooperation, and development, primarily across Eurasia. Major memberships include the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO), Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU), and Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO). 

Major Regional Memberships:

Other Regional/International Groupings:

list of International Association Members Name of Kazakhstan

Kazakhstan holds membership in numerous major international organizations and associations, including the United Nations (since 1992), WTO (since 2015), SCO, OSCE, and the Eurasian Economic Union. Key sectoral associations include KazEnergy, the Association of National Freight Forwarders (ANEK), and the National Alliance of Professional Social Workers. 

International Organization Memberships (Political/Economic)

International Association/Affiliate Members (Professional/Industry) 

Domestic/Regional Associations with International Focus

International Observer Member

International observers for elections in Kazakhstan are primarily drawn from regional organizations and various foreign states. Key organizations frequently sending missions include the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), the OSCE Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights (ODIHR), the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO), and the Organization of Islamic Cooperation. 

Common International Observer Organizations (Elections):

  • CIS: Commonwealth of Independent States
  • CIS IPA: Interparliamentary Assembly of Member Nations of the Commonwealth of Independent States
  • OSCE/ODIHR: Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe’s Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights
  • SCO: Shanghai Cooperation Organization
  • OIC: Organization of Islamic Cooperation
  • CSTO PA: Collective Security Treaty Organization Parliamentary Assembly 

Common Participating Foreign States (Observers):
Observers frequently come from nations such as Russia, Armenia, Belarus, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Jordan, Turkey, Hungary, and Sweden. 

Key Parliamentary & International Memberships:

  • Inter-Parliamentary Union: Kazakhstan is a member.
  • OSCE PA: Kazakhstan is a member country, with representation from the Senate of the Parliament.
  • WTO: Kazakhstan is a member. 

Accreditation Body ISO 17011

The Accreditation Body of Kazakhstan under ISO/IEC 17011 is the National Center of Accreditation (NCA) of the Republic of Kazakhstan. The NCA serves as the country’s official National Accreditation Body (NAB) and operates in accordance with the requirements of ISO/IEC 17011 – Conformity assessment — Requirements for accreditation bodies accrediting conformity assessment bodies. This international standard establishes the principles of competence, impartiality, consistency, and transparency that an accreditation body must follow when accrediting conformity assessment bodies.

Under ISO/IEC 17011, the NCA is responsible for accrediting testing and calibration laboratories (ISO/IEC 17025), medical laboratories (ISO 15189), inspection bodies (ISO/IEC 17020), management system certification bodies (ISO/IEC 17021-1), product certification bodies (ISO/IEC 17065), personnel certification bodies (ISO/IEC 17024), and greenhouse gas validation and verification bodies (ISO 14065). By complying with ISO/IEC 17011, the NCA ensures that accredited organizations in Kazakhstan operate competently and that their certificates and test reports gain national and international recognition through cooperation with global accreditation networks.

Inspection Body ISO 17020

In the Republic of Kazakhstan, inspection bodies are accredited by the National Center of Accreditation (NCA), which is the official National Accreditation Body operating in accordance with ISO/IEC 17011. Inspection bodies themselves are required to comply with ISO/IEC 17020 – Conformity assessment — Requirements for the operation of various types of bodies performing inspection.

ISO/IEC 17020 establishes requirements for the competence, impartiality, and consistent operation of organizations that perform inspections of products, processes, services, installations, or facilities. In Kazakhstan, accredited inspection bodies conduct activities in sectors such as oil and gas, construction, industrial safety, pressure equipment, lifting machinery, transportation, energy, and environmental compliance.

The standard classifies inspection bodies into three categories based on their level of independence: Type A (third-party independent bodies), Type B (separate inspection units within an organization), and Type C (inspection bodies involved in design, production, or maintenance activities).

The NCA assesses inspection bodies against ISO/IEC 17020 requirements covering personnel competence, technical procedures, equipment suitability, reporting systems, and impartiality safeguards. Accreditation under ISO/IEC 17020 ensures that inspection results issued in Kazakhstan are technically valid, reliable, and internationally recognized.

Certification Body ISO 17021

In the Republic of Kazakhstan, certification bodies for management systems are accredited by the National Center of Accreditation (NCA) in accordance with ISO/IEC 17021-1 – Conformity assessment — Requirements for bodies providing audit and certification of management systems.

ISO/IEC 17021-1 specifies the requirements for competence, consistency, impartiality, and confidentiality of certification bodies that audit and certify management systems. These certification bodies assess organizations against various ISO management system standards, including:

  • ISO 9001 – Quality Management Systems
  • ISO 14001 – Environmental Management Systems
  • ISO 45001 – Occupational Health and Safety Management Systems
  • ISO 22000 – Food Safety Management Systems
  • ISO 27001 – Information Security Management Systems
  • Other sector-specific management system standards

Certification bodies operating in Kazakhstan must demonstrate qualified auditors, structured audit procedures, decision-making independence, risk management, and impartiality mechanisms. The NCA evaluates and monitors these bodies to ensure compliance with ISO/IEC 17021-1 requirements.

Product Certification Body ISO 17065

In the Republic of Kazakhstan, product certification bodies are accredited by the National Center of Accreditation (NCA) in accordance with ISO/IEC 17065 – Conformity assessment — Requirements for bodies certifying products, processes and services.

ISO/IEC 17065 specifies requirements for the competence, consistency, and impartiality of certification bodies that certify products, processes, and services against defined standards or technical regulations. In Kazakhstan, accredited product certification bodies assess compliance with:

  • National technical regulations and standards
  • Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) Technical Regulations
  • International standards (ISO, IEC, etc.)
  • Industry-specific safety and quality requirements

Product certification activities may include evaluation of product samples, factory inspections, testing through accredited laboratories, review of technical documentation, and ongoing surveillance to ensure continued compliance.

The NCA evaluates product certification bodies to ensure they meet ISO/IEC 17065 requirements related to impartiality, competence of personnel, certification schemes, decision-making processes, complaint handling, and surveillance mechanisms.

Accreditation Laboratory ISO 17065 / ISO 15185

10. Accredited Laboratory – ISO/IEC 17025 / ISO 15189 (Kazakhstan)

In the Republic of Kazakhstan, laboratories are accredited by the National Center of Accreditation (NCA) in accordance with international laboratory standards. The primary standard for testing and calibration laboratories is ISO/IEC 17025 – General requirements for the competence of testing and calibration laboratories, while medical laboratories are accredited under ISO 15189 – Medical laboratories — Requirements for quality and competence.

(Note: ISO/IEC 17065 applies to product certification bodies, not laboratories. The correct laboratory standard is ISO/IEC 17025. ISO 15189 applies to medical laboratories.)

ISO/IEC 17025 – Testing and Calibration Laboratories

Laboratories accredited under ISO/IEC 17025 must demonstrate:

  • Technical competence of personnel
  • Valid and validated testing/calibration methods
  • Proper equipment calibration and traceability
  • Measurement uncertainty evaluation
  • Quality management system implementation
  • Reliable and accurate reporting of results

In Kazakhstan, ISO/IEC 17025 accreditation covers laboratories in sectors such as oil and gas, environmental testing, construction materials, food safety, chemical analysis, electrical testing, and metrology.

ISO 15189 – Medical Laboratories

Medical laboratories accredited under ISO 15189 must demonstrate:

  • Competence in clinical testing
  • Patient safety and confidentiality
  • Quality control in diagnostic procedures
  • Proper laboratory management and reporting systems

Rating Agencies ISO 14064 / ISO 17021

In the Republic of Kazakhstan, organizations involved in environmental verification, sustainability assessment, and management system certification operate under internationally recognized standards such as ISO 14064 and ISO/IEC 17021-1, with accreditation granted by the National Center of Accreditation (NCA).

ISO 14064 specifies principles and requirements for quantifying, monitoring, reporting, and verifying greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and removals. It is commonly applied to organizations conducting carbon footprint assessments, emissions reporting, and climate-related evaluations. Entities performing validation and verification of GHG statements must demonstrate technical competence and impartiality, typically under accreditation aligned with ISO 14065 (for GHG validation and verification bodies).

ISO/IEC 17021-1 applies to certification bodies that audit and certify management systems, including environmental management systems under ISO 14001. Certification bodies accredited under ISO/IEC 17021-1 assess organizations’ compliance with environmental, quality, occupational health and safety, information security, and other management system standards.

In Kazakhstan, rating or verification agencies involved in environmental or sustainability-related certification must be accredited by the NCA to ensure compliance with international standards, impartiality, auditor competence, and reliability of issued certificates or verification statements. Accreditation under these standards ensures credibility and international recognition of environmental and management system certifications issued within the country.

GHG Verification / Validator

In the Republic of Kazakhstan, Greenhouse Gas (GHG) verification and validation bodies operate under the national accreditation system managed by the National Center of Accreditation (NCA). These bodies are accredited in accordance with ISO 14065 – General principles and requirements for bodies validating and verifying environmental information, which sets requirements for competence, impartiality, and consistent operation of organizations that validate or verify greenhouse gas statements.

GHG verification and validation activities are based on the ISO 14064 series:

  • ISO 14064-1 – Quantification and reporting of GHG emissions and removals at the organizational level
  • ISO 14064-2 – GHG projects (emission reductions or removals)
  • ISO 14064-3 – Validation and verification of GHG statements

Accredited GHG verification/validation bodies in Kazakhstan assess emission reports, carbon footprint calculations, emission reduction projects, and compliance with national emissions trading schemes (ETS), where applicable. Their role is to provide independent assurance that reported greenhouse gas data is accurate, complete, consistent, and in accordance with applicable standards or regulatory requirements.

Privilege Membership

Country is free economy having independant AB like UKJAS  Accreditation ( UKJAS ) https://ukjas.com , World Yoga Accreditation Board ( WYAB) https://worldyoga.us/ ,  World Organic Accreditation Board ( WOAB) https://worldorganic.us/  and Sanatan Dharma Accreditation board ( SDAB ) https://sanatanboards.com/  etc member of IAF-AB as well as national accreditation board member of international body

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